History of Early Civilizations in America in the Period 0 - 300 A.D Research Paper

History of Early Civilizations in America in the Period 0 - 300 A.D - Research Paper Example These items were made from copper from Lake Superior, mica from the Appalachians, conch shells from Florida, obsidian from the Rocky Mountains and stone from Minnesota and Wisconsin (Wallace, 2007, p 67). The Hopewell moulds were made mainly by the Libyans who were assisted by the Negroid Nubians .These builders left behind sculptures of heads and of African animals along the Mississippi River in Ohio, Oklahoma, Arkansas and Iowa. (Maxfield, 2009) During this period, the Carthigians of Greek North Africa while they were sailing from Britain, they could pass through the island of Orkneys, Faeros and Shetlands which were of equal distance from one another and then they would proceed to Ogygia, and Eperiros. On the coast of Eperiros was a frozen sea and an expansive land where the Greeks settled down and intermarried with the barbarians. The woodland Period maize made its way from South America or Mexico to the Southern United States and later spread to Mid-Atlantic States and New Engla nd. Several varieties of popcorn also were spread to the south. (ssrsi.org, 2011) In Chihuahua and South New Mexico and Mexico, the Mongolian tribes continued to reside in their semi-subterranean pit- house .They had self governing villages which were under the leadership of religious and civic elders that were selected democratically. The villages had a large ceremonial house, the great Kiva that was three to four times bigger than usual houses. The Hohokam in southern Arizona and Mexican states of Sorona began utilizing elaborate irrigation systems made up of dams constructed on rivers and canals of 30 feet width and 25 feet length. The Mongolian society developed between 300 B.C -500 A.D. These communities made precious jewellerly, pottery pyramids and practiced astronomy. These tribes spread American culture which originated from Libyans people .They carried and spread the traditions, astronomical and navigation knowledge of the old world that had arrived through Pacific cruiser s and which was manifested by the maps made by the Maui who were famous. ( Maxfield , 2009) In Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, human sacrificing was very common among the Mesoamericans societies. The skeletons of people wrapped in nets and the remains of children burn in ritual events and buried heads were testimony of human sacrificing. The Mayan civilization thrived in Guatemala El Salvador and Honduras. The Mayas used numerals which were less complicated than Roman numerals and counted in groups of twenty. The Mayan Zero was a shelled shaped sign and reached in India from Europe 1000 years afterwards..The numbers 1-5 were represented by equal number of dots while five was represented by a single bar. Thus ten was two bars and twenty four bars. The Maya trading centers was Cerros that was at the base of Yucatan and it become strong because of flourishing trade activities. In Panama and Costa Rica, pre-civilizations continued to grow and build up in valleys because of gr owing population. In South America during the early intermediate period of Peruvian history, the Vicus culture dominated the northern region. This was evident form using of knives and the telephoning of skulls that was a common practice among the Peru people during this period. The Nazca Indians lived in the arid plain of Andean foothills and Southern Peru and made fine cotton cloaks that were embroidered in many colors and feathered turbans. In this period, classical Nazca arts started being